Ohakune
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2018) |
Ohakune | |
|---|---|
 Main street of Ohakune | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 39°25′07″S 175°23′58″E / 39.41861°S 175.39944°E | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Manawatū-Whanganui |
| District | Ruapehu District |
| Ward |
|
| Community | Waimarino-Waiouru Community |
| Electorates | |
| Government | |
| • Territorial Authority | Ruapehu District Council |
| • Regional council | Horizons Regional Council |
| Area | |
• Total | 6.44 km2 (2.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 582 m (1,909 ft) |
| Population (June 2024)[2] | |
• Total | 1,570 |
| • Density | 240/km2 (630/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+12 (NZST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+13 (NZDT) |
| Postcode | 4625 |
| Telephone | 06 |
Ohakune is a small town at the southern end of Tongariro National Park, close to the southwestern slopes of the active volcano Mount Ruapehu, in the North Island of New Zealand.
A rural service town known as New Zealand's Carrot Capital,[3] Ohakune is a popular base in winter for skiers using the ski fields (particularly Turoa) of Mount Ruapehu and in summer for trampers hiking the Tongariro Alpine Crossing.
Toponymy
[edit]The Ngāti Rangi iwi say the Māori language name Ohakune comes from the phrase "he Ohakune ki te ao", which broadly means "an opening to a new world" and refers to the descent from Mount Ruapehu into the valley and swamps of the area. In 2019 the New Zealand Geographic Board changed the official name to Ōhakune, indicating that the first letter was a long vowel, but swiftly reverted to Ohakune without a macron when Ngāti Rangi objected.[4][5][6]
History and culture
[edit]Pre-European history
[edit]The lands to the south and west of Mount Ruapehu were historically inhabited by the Māori of the Ngāti Rangi iwi.[7]
Around the middle of the seventeenth century a marae at Rangataua, a small town about five kilometres south-east of Ohakune, was attacked and the inhabitants were driven from their homes by raiders from the Ngāti Raukawa, an iwi from farther east in Manawatū. Around 75 of the village's population were slain and the dozen or so survivors fled to Maungarongo and established a pā on the present site of the town of Ohakune.[8]
Later history
[edit]The Crown purchased 10,000 acres of Native land at Ohakune in 1879.[9]
In 1883, the first engineering reconnaissance commenced for the Marton—Te Awamutu section of the North Island Main Trunk Railway and a base was established upon the present site of Ohakune, soon becoming a permanent camp for railway and road construction workers. Settlement of the town commenced in the early 1890s. Forty quarter-acre sections in the township were sold at auction in February 1893.[10] Prior to the completion of the railway to the town, all supplies had to be transported via cart from Hunterville, or from Whanganui via the Whanganui River steamer to Pipiriki and then by cart for the remaining distance.[11]
By March 1908 the railway line had reached Ohakune. The period of railway construction activities was followed quickly by intensive timber milling; as the forest was cleared, cattle and sheep were introduced and farming progressed. Ohakune was constituted a town district in August 1908 and in November 1911 attained borough status.[12]
In the 1920s, Chinese began to establish market gardens in Ohakune, which had fertile, loamy volcanic soil. They would lease or be allowed to use deforested land, removing stumps, improving the soil and then growing oats, root vegetables and cabbages.[13][14] After several years grass would be sown on the improved land and the lease would return to the Māori owners, while the Chinese would move to another site to garden.[15][16] By 1939 there were about 20 Chinese market gardeners operating from Ohakune with about 1500 acres under cultivation.[17]
The world's first commercial bungee jumping site was established just outside Ohakune at the old Hapuawhenua railway viaduct. This was operated during the 1980s until the bridge became too unsafe to continue operations. This bridge is now restored and a highlight of the 'Old Coach Road' walk/bikeway.[18][19]
Marae
[edit]Ohakune has two marae. Maungārongo Marae and Tikaraina Ringapoto or Ko Te Kingi o Te Maungārongo meeting house are meeting places of the Ngāti Rangi hapū of Ngāti Tui-o-Nuku. Ngā Mōkai Marae and Whakarongo meeting house are a meeting place of the Ngāti Rangi hapū of Ngāti Tongaiti.[20][21]
In October 2020, the Government committed $836,930 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade a cluster of seven marae, including Maungārongo Marae, creating 95 jobs.[22]
Geography
[edit]Ohakune is located in the Ruapehu District and the Manawatū-Whanganui region, to the immediate south-west of the slopes of the Mount Ruapehu stratovolcano. The associated Ohakune volcanic complex is just to the north of the town and the small maar lakes Rangatauanui and Rangatauaiti are to the south of the town.[23][24] The town is 25 kilometres (16 miles) west of Waiouru, 70 kilometres (43 miles) northeast of Whanganui, 287 kilometres (178 miles) north of Wellington and 292 kilometres (181 miles) south of Auckland, and is at an elevation of 582 metres (1,909 ft).[25]
Climate
[edit]Demographics
[edit]Ohakune covers 6.44 km2 (2.49 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 1,570 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 244 people per km2.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 1,095 | — |
| 2013 | 984 | −1.52% |
| 2018 | 1,182 | +3.73% |
| Source: [26] | ||
Ohakune had a population of 1,182 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 198 people (20.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 87 people (7.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 450 households, comprising 621 males and 561 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.11 males per female. The median age was 36.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 225 people (19.0%) aged under 15 years, 246 (20.8%) aged 15 to 29, 555 (47.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 150 (12.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 69.8% European/Pākehā, 34.8% Māori, 2.3% Pacific peoples, 7.9% Asian, and 3.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
| Climate data for Ohakune, elevation 607 m (1,991 ft), (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.1 (88.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
6.5 (43.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.7 (51.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.3 (41.5) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 97.5 (3.84) |
72.7 (2.86) |
74.9 (2.95) |
111.2 (4.38) |
113.6 (4.47) |
128.7 (5.07) |
148.6 (5.85) |
121.5 (4.78) |
137.8 (5.43) |
128.4 (5.06) |
117.6 (4.63) |
104.3 (4.11) |
1,356.8 (53.43) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 267.6 | 198.6 | 195.3 | 156.3 | 126.4 | 101.0 | 111.6 | 125.5 | 142.1 | 167.6 | 227.8 | 236.6 | 2,056.4 |
| Source: NIWA[27] | |||||||||||||
The percentage of people born overseas was 18.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.6% stated that they had no religion, 29.2% were Christian, 4.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.3% were Hindu, 0.5% were Buddhist, 0.3% were Muslim, and 2.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 168 (17.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 162 (16.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $31,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 141 people (14.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those aged at least 15 was that 528 (55.2%) people were employed full-time, 144 (15.0%) were part-time, and 39 (4.1%) were unemployed.[26]
Economy
[edit]In the year to March 2021, the GDP of Ohakune was $74m, representing approximately 10% of the GDP for the Ruapehu District as a whole. The economy of the town is largely based on services. The largest categories of GDP were retail trade (15.8%), arts and recreation services (14%), accommodation and food services (10.9%) and owner-occupied property operation (9.1%).[28] In the same period there were 781 filled jobs, with 22.5% of these in retail trade, 19.9% in accommodation and food services, and 14.3% in arts and recreation services.[29]
In 2017, Canterbury produced almost half of New Zealand's carrots and parsnips and the Manawatu-Whanganui region was the next largest production area, with two-thirds of carrots produced in the North island coming from Ohakune.[30][31] However, by 2023, vegetable growers in Ohakune said they were wondering if their businesses were still viable, citing increases in the price of fuel, fertiliser, sprays, power and other things needed to produce the crops, increasing compliance costs, as well as the difficulty of finding staff and rising costs of wages.[32]
Facilities
[edit]Ohakune has the usual range of shops and services found within a typical small New Zealand town. In 2015 Ohakune had a dental clinic, pharmacy, fire station, police station, ambulance station, social welfare branch, churches, a marae with a district nurse, gymnasium, and a health shuttle for outpatient care at Whanganui Hospital 110 km (68 mi) away. The nearest medical centre with GP, nurses and physiotherapist is 11 km (6.8 mi) to the west, at Raetihi.
Media
[edit]Ohakune is covered by the Whanganui Chronicle, a daily paper part of the NZ Herald network. Ski FM Network operates out of Ohakune[33] hosted by 91.8 FM Ruapehu/Turoa, a Central North Island radio station. During the winter it operates as an "information desk" for information about the snow levels for the region.
Recreation
[edit]Ohakune has facilities for snow sports, trout fishing, mountain biking, tramping and bushwalking.[34] Ohakune provides easy access to the nearby ski fields of Mount Ruapehu; the large commercial ski resorts of Turoa (the closest resort to Ohakune) and Whakapapa, as well as the small club field Tukino. Various outlets for clothing and ski hire, as well as purchasing lift tickets, are available in the town.
Ohakune has a number of clubs and is home to the Ruapehu Rugby & Sports Club.
Ohakune caters for various summer activities, and provides access for trampers hiking the Tongariro Alpine Crossing. Mountain bikes are available for hire at various outlets in town.
Various water activities are available on the nearby rivers, with jet boating on the Whanganui River and rafting available along the Whanganui, Rangitikei and Tongariro rivers. Trout fishing is available in nearby lakes and rivers, including the world-famous Tongariro River.
The Bridge to Nowhere in the Whanganui National Park located between Ohakune and Whanganui is a popular destination for trampers and mountain bikers.
Events
[edit]The Carrot Carnival has been held in Ohakune since 1996. It was created as a way to boost the town after eruptions of Mount Ruapehu in 1995 and 1996, plus several years of poor snowfall, caused the local economy to shrink by 20%. Tourists and skiers stayed away, causing a $10 million drop in business.[35][36] The Carrot Carnival features games and competitions between growers, foods made with carrots, and family-friendly attractions.
In recent years the number of events hosted by Ohakune has increased, with both the Big Mountain Short Film Festival and Ohakune Mardi Gras[37] featuring on the calendar. The Mardi Gras is both a ski party and celebration of winter, and includes musicians, stalls and rides.
Landmarks
[edit]
Big Carrot
[edit]
On the eastern edge of the town there is a 7.5 metre-high replica of a carrot, known as 'The Big Carrot'.[38] This is reputedly the world's largest model carrot: it was originally constructed as a prop for a television advertisement for the ANZ Bank in the early 1980s. After filming was complete, the carrot was donated to the town in recognition of the area's reputation as the source of a high proportion of New Zealand's carrots, and installed in its current position in 1984.[39] In 2011, the carrot was painted black for the Rugby World Cup hosted that year in New Zealand.[40][38]
The Carrot Park opened on 1 October 2016 next to the Big Carrot. The park features a playground with a carrot-shaped car and fibreglass vegetable people: a swede, a potato, a Brussels sprout and a parsnip, representing crops grown in Ohakune. There are information boards illustrating the district's history of market gardens and forestry, and the park also has picnic spots and a BMX track.[30]
War Memorial Gates
[edit]There is a war memorial in the form of a large arched gate on Clyde Street at the entrance to Jubilee Park. The memorial was officially opened in October 1932, with marble tablets on it listing the names of 26 men who had enlisted in the district and died during World War 1.[41][42] Another tablet was added later, listing men who fell in World War 2.
Weather Rock
[edit]In the 1980s and '90s Ohakune was home to the Weather Rock, a local landmark in Thames Street popular with tourists for photographs; the rock used to "forecast" current weather conditions with a sign listing sayings such as "If rock is hot – sunny", "If rock is wet – raining", etc., and appropriately for the region, "If rock is bouncing – earthquake".[citation needed]
Education
[edit]Ohakune has three schools.
- Ohakune School is a state full primary (Year 1–8) school. It has 268 students as of August 2024.[43]
- Ruapehu College is a state secondary (Year 9–13) school. It has 240 students as of August 2024.[43]
- Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Ngati Rangi is a state Kura Kaupapa Māori, offering a full primary (Year 1–8) education. It has 51 students as of August 2024.[43]
Transportation
[edit]Road
[edit]State Highway 49 runs through the town, where it is locally named Clyde Street.
Ohakune is on the Intercity coach network, with a non-daily service running north to Auckland via Taumarunui and south to Palmerston North via Whanganui.[44]
Rail
[edit]Ohakune is on the North Island Main Trunk Railway. The railway station is located off Thames Street in the Ohakune Junction area, approximately 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) from Clyde Street in the centre of town. Ohakune railway station has the second highest elevation of any operating railway station in New Zealand behind National Park Railway Station; a sign on the platform side of the station building lists its height at 2,029 feet (618.4 metres) above sea level.[45]
Passenger services are provided by the national operator KiwiRail under its Great Journeys New Zealand division. The Northern Explorer is a non-daily service operating between Auckland and Wellington.[46] The journey to/from Auckland crosses the famous Raurimu Spiral.
From 18 December 1917 until 1 January 1968, Ohakune was also the junction for the Raetihi Branch, a branch line railway to Raetihi. A truss bridge formerly used by this branch still stands near the Big Carrot. Seventeen kilometres to the east of the town is the Tangiwai Bridge, site of New Zealand's worst railway accident, the Tangiwai Disaster, on 24 December 1953.
Popular culture
[edit]A mock-romantic song from the mid-1960s called September in Ohakune was recorded by Peter Harcourt on an LP called Land of the Long White Shroud.[47]
In 1998, the Big Carrot was featured on one of a set of ten postage stamps depicting New Zealand town icons.[48]
Notable people
[edit]Notable people from, or significantly connected with, Ohakune include:
- Erwin Leonard Guy Abel – grocer, businessman, athlete and racehorse owner
- Jeff Bollow – co-founder of the Big Mountain Short Film Festival
- Martin Edmond – author and screenplay writer
- Pat Mackie – miner and unionist, born 30 October 1914 as Maurice Patrick Murphy, birth registered in Ohakune
- Mick Moohan – member of the Ohakune Borough Council from 1932 to 1935, also serving as deputy mayor; later Labour Party MP, President, and Minister
- William Taylor – primary school principal, Mayor of Ohakune, and writer
- Peter Williams – barrister, Queen's Counsel and penal reform advocate
References
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- ^ "Ohakune Info". Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ Berry, Greer (5 August 2019). "New Zealand Geographic Board retracts Ohakune macron after iwi complaint". Stuff. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ "Iwi raises concern after Ohakune spelled wrong officially". Radio New Zealand. 5 August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
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- ^ "Directory of Iwi and Māori Organisations". Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ McLintock, Alexander Hare; Brian Newton Davis, M. A.; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "OHAKUNE". An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ "Per Press Association". Wanganui Herald. 22 February 1879. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ "Crown Lands Sale – Townships of Makotuku (Raetihi) and Ohakune". Wanganui Herald. 10 February 1893. Retrieved 13 October 2022 – via Papers Past.
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- ^ "Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1966". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
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- ^ Wassilieff, Maggy (24 November 2008). "Market gardens and production nurseries - History of market gardening". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
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- ^ "Vegetable garden of North Island". Wanganui Chronicle. 14 December 1939.
- ^ "Ohakune Old Coach Road". doc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ "Old Coach Road Walking Track – Visit Ruapehu". visitruapehu.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
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- ^ "NZTopoMap:Ohakune Lakes Reserve, Manawatu-Wanganui". Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ^ Rees, A.B.; Holt, K.A.; Hinojosa, J.L.; Newnham, R.M.; Eaves, S.; Vandergoes, M.J.; Sessions, A.L.; Wilmshurst, J.M. (2021). "Duelling narratives of chironomids and pollen explain climate enigmas during The Last Glacial-Interglacial transition in North Island New Zealand". Quaternary Science Reviews. 263. 106997. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26306997R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106997.: 2. Regional setting
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- ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Ohakune (223100). 2018 Census place summary: Ohakune
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- ^ "Regional Economic Profile – Ohakune – Employment at a glance". Infometrics. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ a b A guide to the Carrot Park, Ohakune [pamphlet] (PDF). Taumarunui, New Zealand: Ruapehu District Council. October 2018.
- ^ New Zealand domestic vegetable production: the growing story [report] (PDF). Horticulture New Zealand. 2017.
- ^ McSweeney, Jacob (20 December 2024). "Ohakune vegetable growers grapple with cost pressures". NZ Herald. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ "Ski FM Network". Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
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- ^ Welham, K. (1 August 1998). "Mt Ruapehu ski industry facing revenue meltdown". Waikato Times. ProQuest 313525199.
- ^ last1=Watson |first1 = M. |date=7 August 2004 |title= Boom times in snow town |work= Dominion Post |id=ProQuest 337981006}}
- ^ "Ohakune Mardi Gras". Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ a b "Black makeover for Ohakune carrot". Stuff. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ^ "Ohakune's Big Carrot turns twenty next month". Wanganui Chronicle. 21 September 2004. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
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- ^ "Town Icons". NZ Post Collectables. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Ohakune at Wikimedia Commons
- Ohakune at Visit Ruapehu
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| National | |
